Social Learning
The construction of those behaviors pattern
which society expects
Perception
Behavior
Environment
Modeling
Imitation
Outcomes Expectations
Incentive
Vicarious reinforcement
Vicarious acquisition
Vicarious punishment
Self-efficacy
Self-regulation
Personal agency
Self-reinforcement
Learning Theories
Albert Bandura
1925
Principles
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People can learn by observing others' behavior and the consequences that result
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Learning can occur without a change in behavior
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Cognitive plays important roles in learning
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People can have considerable control over their actions and environments
Key Terms
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Modeling - demonstration of behavior to others by a model
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Personal Agency - leaner's control over his or her actions
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Vicarious Reinforcement - encouragement to imitate the behavior of the model if it has been socially reinforced (praise, approved, cheered, etc.)
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Self-Efficacy - learner's beliefs about his or her capacity to successfully demonstrate a particular behavior or accomplish a specific task.
Instructional Theories
Collaborative Learning
Definition
Observational Learning
Definition
Knowledge is socially rather than individually, constructed by communities of individuals through the process of shaping and testing of ideas in which anyone can participate.
Elements
When someone uses observation of a model's action and the consequences of those actions to guide his or her future actions.
Stages of Learning
1. Environment
- Unthreatening, democratic and encouraging mutual respect for the ideas and opinions of others.
- Facilitators must surrender complete authority for the learning process and become a co-learners.
2. Facilitator
- Knowledgeable co-learner; authority, expertise,power, and control are redefined.
- Prepare learners for collaborative work and planning for CL.
3. Leaners
- Learners role shift to assume greater responsibility for their own learning.
- Leaners become familiar with the with the process of CL and the rationale for its use.
Attention = attend to the model's behavior
Retention = remember actions, rehearse mentally
Reproduction = act out the observed behavior
Motivation = have a good reason to repeat the behavior if/when necessary.
Reciprocal Teaching
Definition
Involves strategy of role reversal; students "become" teachers of reading strategies.
Teaching outcomes
Teaching should always train students in
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Predicting upcoming information
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Asking questions
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Identifying and clarifying confusing information
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Summarizing as a means of self-review.