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Cognitivism

Relatively Permanent change in mental representation or association due to experiences 

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Processing

Recalling

Storing

Storing

Storing

Storing

Retrieval 

Gaining Attention

Encoding

Scaffolding

Assimilation

Response

schema

Attention

Integration

Reflection

 Jean Piaget

Learning Theories

1896-1980

Edward Tolman

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1886-1959

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Principles

-physical  environment is printed in our minds

-behavior is by nature goal-directed 

-reinforcement increases performance, not learning

Concepts Terms

  • cognitive map, purposive behavior, latent learning, reinforcement

Principles

-knowledge structured change with development 

-relate prior knowledge to the material to be learned 

-people are intrinsically motivated to make sense of the world 

Concepts Terms

  • schemes​, assimilation, accommodation, equilabration

 Lev Vygotsky​

1896-1934

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Principles

-challenging tasks foster cognitive growth 

-complex mental process are developed through social activities 

-language, as well as social and cultural environment, play a key role in children's cognitive development and learning

Concepts Terms

  • zone of proximal development, scaffolding 

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Gestalt

1920's-50's

Principles

Concepts Terms

-whole is more than the sum of its parts

-perception is different from reality 

-learning involves formation of memory traces

 

  • law of proximity, law of closure, law of pragnanz

Instructional Theories

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 David Ausubel​

1918-2008

Meaningful Reception

Advanced Organizers

  • the most general ideas of a subject should be presented first and then progressively differentiated in terms of details and specificity 

  • meaningful learning occurs when new information is acquired and listed in the learners own cognitive structure

  • overhead projectors/date projectors

  • posters

  • study guides

  • handbooks

  • stories or anecdotes

  • text passages

  • graphical representations

  • maps

  • flashcards

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Robert Gagne

1916-2006

  • signal learning

  • stimulus

  • chaining

  • verbal associations

  • discrimination learning

  • concept learning

  • rule learning

  • problem solving

Conditions of learning

Nine Instructional Events

  • gaining attention

  • informing learners of the objective 

  • stimulating recall of prior learning 

  • presenting the stimulus 

  • providing learning guidance

  • eliciting performance

  • providing feedback 

  • assessing performance

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